Co-continuity interval in immiscible polymer blends by dynamic mechanical spectroscopy in the molten and solid state

The work focuses on the detection of the co-continuity window in immiscible polymer blends. The purpose of the paper is to describe how rheological techniques can help to evaluate the composition range of the co-continuous morphology through the study of a particular system: PEO/PVDF-HFP. First, the blends were characterized by selective dissolution experiments and SEM observations. Then the ability of dynamic mechanical spectroscopy to detect the co-continuity was investigated in the melt and in the solid state. The evolution of the storage modulus of molten blends with their composition at a constant low frequency gives information about the co-continuity interval, especially as far as the onset of the continuity of the PEO phase is concerned. Then the immiscibility of the polymers and the continuity of PVDF-HFP as a function of blend composition have been highlighted by means of dynamic mechanical spectrometry below the melting point of PVDF-HFP. Comparison with results from classical methods shows fair agreement.This paper was presented at the first Annual European Rheology Conference (AERC) held in Guimarães, Portugal, September 11-13, 2003.     

3D Dynamic analysis of soil–tool interaction using the finite element method

Previous experimental and finite element studies have shown the influence of both soil initial conditions and blade operating conditions on cutting forces. However, most of these finite element analyses (FEA) are limited to small blade displacements to reduce element distortion which can cause solution convergence problems. In this study a dynamic three-dimensional FEA of soil–tool interaction was carried out based on predefined failure surfaces to investigate the effect of cutting speed and angle on cutting forces over large blade displacements. Sandy soil was considered in this study and modeled using the hypoplastic constitutive model implemented in the commercial FEA package, ABAQUS. Results reveal the validity of the concept of predefined failure surfaces in simulating soil–tool interaction and the significant effect of cutting acceleration on cutting forces.     

Dynamic stress of a circular cavity buried in a semi-infinite functionally graded piezoelectric material subjected to shear waves

The paper presents a theoretical method to investigate the multiple scattering of shear waves and dynamic stress around a circular cavity in a semi-infinite functionally graded piezoelectric material. The analytical solutions of wave fields are expressed by employing wave function expansion method and the expanded mode coefficients are determined by satisfying the boundary conditions of the cavity. Image method is used to satisfy the free boundary condition of the semi-infinite structure. According to the analytical expression of this problem, the numerical solutions of the dynamic stress concentration factor around the cavity are presented. The effects of the piezoelectric property, the buried depth of the cavity, the incident wave number and the nonhomogeneous parameter of materials on the dynamic stress around the cavity are analyzed. Analyses show that the piezoelectric property has great effect on the dynamic stress in the region of intermediate frequency and the effect increases with increasing wave number. When the nonhomogeneous parameter of materials is less than zero, it has less influence on the maximum dynamic stress around the cavity; however, it has greater influence on the distribution of the dynamic stress around the cavity. When the nonhomogeneous parameter of materials is greater than zero, it has greater influence on both the maximum dynamic stress and the distribution of dynamic stress around the cavity, especially in the case that the buried depth is comparatively small.     

Dynamic melt flow of nanocomposites based on poly-ɛ-caprolactam

 The dynamic flow behavior of polyamide-6 (PA-6) and a nanocomposite (PNC) based on it was studied. The latter resin contained 2 wt% of organoclay. The two materials were blended in proportions of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 wt% PNC. The dynamic shear rheological properties of well-dried specimens were measured under N₂ at T=240 °C, frequency ω=0.1–100 rad/s, and strains γ=10 and 40%. At constant T, γ, and ω the time sweeps resulted in significant increases of the shear moduli. The γ and ω scans showed a complex rheological behavior of all clay-containing specimens. At γ=10% the linear viscoelasticity was observed for all compositions only at ω>1 rad/s, while at γ=40% only for 0 and 25 wt% of PNC. However, the effect was moderate, namely decreasing G′ and G′′ (at ω=6.28 rad/s; γ=50%) by 15 and 7.5%, respectively. For compositions containing >25 wt% PNC two types of non-linearity were detected. At ω≤ω_c=1.4 ± 0.2 rad/s yield stress provided evidence of a 3-D structure. At ω > ω_c, G′ and G′′ were sensitive to shear history – the effect was reversible. From the frequency scans at ω > ω_c the zero-shear relative viscosity vs concentration plot was constructed. The initial slope gave the intrinsic viscosity from which the aspect ratio of organoclay particles, p=287 ± 9 was calculated, in agreement with the value calculated from the reduced permeability data, p=286. Received: 24 May 2001 Accepted: 27 August 2001     

Experimental evidence of energy pumping in acousticsMise en évidence expérimentale de pompage énergétique en acoustique

This Note presents an experimental vibro-acoustic set-up that aims to reproduce the energy pumping phenomenon between an acoustic medium and an essentially nonlinear oscillator. It shows a one-way irreversible transfer of energy between the first acoustic mode in a tube and a thin visco-elastic membrane. To cite this article: B. Cochelin et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

岩盐用作路基填料的力学性质试验

通过试验,研究了察尔汗岩盐用作路基填料的压实特性、抗压强度以及循环荷载下的变形性状。主要探讨了岩盐试样中细粒含量比例对试样压实特性的影响规律;天然岩盐抗压强度的大小分布,以及岩盐抗压强度与粒径、干密度、含水量的关系;交通循环荷载作用下,岩盐的动应变发展情况等。这些结论对盐湖公路建设具有一定的指导意义。     

Stability of a shallow arch with one end moving at constant speed

In this paper we consider a shallow arch with rise parameter h, free of lateral loading, but subject to prescribed end motion e with constant speed c. Attention is focused on finding out whether dynamic snap-through will occur. Quasi-static analysis is first performed to identify all equilibrium configurations and their stability properties when e and h are specified. If the arch is stretched quasi-statically, it will be straightened up and no snap-through will occur. However, when the speed c is not negligible it is possible for the arch to snap to the other side dynamically. Careful analysis shows that the only possible situation when dynamic snap-through may occur is and . In this case, to prevent dynamic snap-through to occur the end speed c must not exceed a critical speed, which is a function of e and h. The minimum critical stretching speed is found to be 25.9 for all possible combinations of e and h.     

The impulsive response of sandwich beams: Analytical and numerical investigation of regimes of behaviour

An analytical model is developed to classify the impulsive response of sandwich beams based on the relative time-scales of core compression and the bending/stretching response of the sandwich beam. It is shown that an overlap in time scales leads to a coupled response and to the possibility of an enhanced shock resistance. Four regimes of behaviour are defined: decoupled responses with the sandwich core densifying partially or completely, and coupled responses with partial or full core densification. These regimes are marked on maps with axes chosen from the sandwich beam transverse core strength, the sandwich beam aspect ratio and the level of blast impulse. In addition to predicting the time-scales involved in the response of the sandwich beam, the analytical model is used to estimate the back face deflection, the degree of core compression and the magnitude of the support reactions. The predictions of the analytical model are compared with finite element (FE) simulations of impulsively loaded sandwich beams comprising an anisotropic foam core and elastic, ideally plastic face-sheets. The analytical and numerical predictions are in good agreement up to the end of core compression. However, the analytical model under-predicts the peak back face deflection and over-predicts the support reactions, especially for sandwich beams with high strength cores. The FE calculations are employed to construct design charts to select the optimum transverse core strength that either minimises the back face deflections or support reactions for a given sandwich beam aspect ratio or blast impulse. Typically, the value of the transverse core strength that minimises the back face deflection also minimises the support reactions. However, the optimal core strength depends on the level of blast impulse, with higher strength cores required for greater blasts.     

广东高速公路路堑边坡失稳原因与防治分析

通过大量实际工程实例的综合分析研究,论证了近年来广东高速公路路堑边坡失稳的主要原因、防治设计理念、治理程序、边坡监测和应急措施,认为在水及气候条件、地层岩性、地质构造、人工活动等方面的存在不利因素。由此,提出了由地质测绘、工程地质勘察、稳定性综合分析、方案设计、施工图设计组成的五阶段,并通过实例分析了路堑边坡的防治设计措施。     

强夯处理红粘土沉降试验研究

红粘土作为高填方体的底层地基,处理其沉降和不均匀性沉降是高填方工程研究的重点。以某机场红粘土高填地基的处理为例,通过沉降分析和方案比选开展强夯处理试验研究。根据场区内不同覆土厚度,采用不同能级进行强夯处理试验确定了合理的施工工艺和参数。通过施工中沉降观测,施工后地基土的物理力学指标试验、载荷试验和工后沉降观测,强夯处理取得了良好的效果,满足设计要求。指导大面积施工时,在质量、造价、工期上都取得了成功。